[CAPTURE PORTAL] 119TH CONGRESS
Legislative Integrity Monitor
Goblin House Intelligence
Congress → Officials → Jennifer A. Kiggans

Jennifer A. Kiggans

Republican · Representative, VA ·2

Jennifer A. Kiggans is the Republican U.S. Representative (VA's 2nd congressional district). The platform has 5 voting records on file (2023-2025) and 70 verified facts on file covering this member's voting positions, financial disclosures, and stated platform commitments.

Score Components
76 HIGH
Connection Density 20%
78 → 16
Donor Influence 15%
84 → 13
Silence Risk 25%
69 → 17
Contradiction Risk 25%
69 → 17
Intelligence Volume 15%
86 → 13
Constituency Deviation 0%
69 → 0
Voting Misalignment 0%
0 → 0
% = weight in composite score · Raw component 0–100 × weight = weighted contribution (→) · Sum of contributions = overall score. Hover a row for details.
Kiggans' April 26, 2023 floor speech on the Limit, Save, Grow Act explicitly objected to the bill's repeal of wind energy tax credits, stating 'these credits have been very beneficial to my constituents, attracting significant investment and new manufacturing jobs for businesses in southeast Virginia' — a district-specific deviation from Republican orthodoxy that foreshadowed her debt ceiling vote.
primary · 2023-04-26 ✓ Verified
In a WTKR interview on June 1, 2023, Kiggans described the bill as 'truly a compromise' and 'representative of divided government,' acknowledging 'We needed to find a place in the middle where both sides gave a little and both sides got a little.' She also noted the defense spending increase was below the rate of inflation.
primary · 2023-06-01 ✓ Verified
Kiggans was among 149 Republicans who voted yea on H.R. 3746, representing 67.7% of the GOP conference. The 'party_defection' label is incorrect under the platform's own definition — she voted with, not against, the party majority.
primary · 2023-05-31 ✓ Verified
Kiggans' official May 31, 2023 press release stated 'I came to Congress to restore strength in our economy' — not 'I was sent to Washington to govern' — and did not criticize those who voted nay as making a 'political statement.' The release framed her yea vote as the governing option to avoid default.
primary · 2023-05-31 ✓ Verified
[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: median age: 39.1
secondary ✓ Verified
[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: veteran population: ~17% of residents
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[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: homeownership rate: 69.9%
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[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: bachelor's degree or higher: 38.7%
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[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: poverty rate: 8.52%
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[constituency_baseline] Demographic anchor: median household income: $93,757
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[constituency_baseline] Ballot measure: Virginia Constitutional Amendment — Expand Tax Exemption for Surviving Spouses of Soldiers Who Died in the Line of Duty (2024) — passed, margin 93% Yes — 7% No
secondary ✓ Verified
[constituency_baseline] Dominant industry: NAICS 54 (share 0.097)
secondary ✓ Verified
[constituency_baseline] Dominant industry: NAICS 44-45 (share 0.103)
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[constituency_baseline] Dominant industry: NAICS 62 (share 0.145)
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[constituency_baseline] Top employer: Professional, Scientific, & Technical Services (36188 employees)
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[constituency_baseline] Top employer: Retail Trade (38602 employees)
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[constituency_baseline] Top employer: Health Care & Social Assistance (54491 employees)
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[constituency_baseline] District summary: Virginia's 2nd Congressional District encompasses the Hampton Roads region including Virginia Beach, the Eastern Shore (Accomack and Northampton counties), Suffolk, Isle of Wight, and parts of Chesapeake. The district is home to approximately 787,890 residents with a median household income of $93,757 — well above the national median. The district is one of the most…
[ Show full fact ]
[constituency_baseline] District summary: Virginia's 2nd Congressional District encompasses the Hampton Roads region including Virginia Beach, the Eastern Shore (Accomack and Northampton counties), Suffolk, Isle of Wight, and parts of Chesapeake. The district is home to approximately 787,890 residents with a median household income of $93,757 — well above the national median. The district is one of the most military-dense in the nation, with roughly 17% of residents being veterans and major installations including Naval Station Norfolk, Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort Story, and NAS Oceana. The population is 60.2% White, 22.4% Black, and 7.94% Hispanic. The economy is anchored in healthcare (54,491 workers), retail (38,602), and professional services (36,188), with defense spending dominating the regional economy. The seat has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+4 and is considered one of the most competitive districts on the East Coast.
secondary ✓ Verified
Voted yea_unverified on H.R. 3746 (Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (Debt Ceiling)) on 2023-05-31: Party defection: Kiggans voted YEA on the bipartisan debt-ceiling deal negotiated by Speaker McCarthy and President Biden. While 149 Republicans supported it, 71 Republicans voted NAY — Kiggans chose the governing wing of her party over the conservative opposition. Her press release stated 'I was sent to Washington…
[ Show full fact ]
Voted yea_unverified on H.R. 3746 (Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 (Debt Ceiling)) on 2023-05-31: Party defection: Kiggans voted YEA on the bipartisan debt-ceiling deal negotiated by Speaker McCarthy and President Biden. While 149 Republicans supported it, 71 Republicans voted NAY — Kiggans chose the governing wing of her party over the conservative opposition. Her press release stated 'I was sent to Washington to govern' and criticized 'those who would rather make a political statement.'
inferential · 2023-05-31
Voted yea_unverified on H.Con.Res. 14 (Establishing the Congressional Budget for FY 2025) on 2025-02-25: Against constituent interest: Kiggans voted YEA on the FY25 budget resolution requiring $1.5 trillion in mandatory savings over 10 years, setting the framework for the Medicaid and SNAP cuts later enacted in H.R. 1. The AFL-CIO and CWA opposed the resolution, citing threats to critical services for working…
[ Show full fact ]
Voted yea_unverified on H.Con.Res. 14 (Establishing the Congressional Budget for FY 2025) on 2025-02-25: Against constituent interest: Kiggans voted YEA on the FY25 budget resolution requiring $1.5 trillion in mandatory savings over 10 years, setting the framework for the Medicaid and SNAP cuts later enacted in H.R. 1. The AFL-CIO and CWA opposed the resolution, citing threats to critical services for working families. With 6.6% poverty in VA-02 and 54,491 healthcare workers, the resolution's cuts-to-come directly threatened the district's economic base.
inferential · 2025-02-25 ✓ Verified
AIPAC / United Democracy Project donor Kiggans participated in an AIPAC-affiliated American Israel Education Foundation delegation to Israel in April 2024. AIPAC's affiliated PAC (United Democracy…
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) legislation voted on Kiggans voted YEA on H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which the CBO estimated would cut Medicaid by at least $785 billion over ten years, threatening…
US Navy constituency/former service Kiggans is a Navy veteran representing a military-heavy district (VA-02) which includes Naval Station Norfolk, Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Fort…
Affordable Virginia advocacy target Health care advocacy group organized a Sept. 23, 2025 rally criticizing Kiggans' stance on ACA subsidies.
Juan Ciscomani co-signed letters and voted alike Both signed June 2025 letters urging protection of Medicaid and energy tax credits, then voted for H.R. 1 with cuts intact.
Problem Solvers Caucus member of Kiggans is a member of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus, which critics say has enabled Medicaid-cutting votes despite bipartisan messaging.
AAPA / American Academy of Physician Assistants PAC received campaign contribution Reported $5,000 donation (2026) per user-supplied donor data.
American Hospital Assn received campaign contribution Reported $9,500 donation (2024) per user-supplied donor data; AHA is in the existing database.
American Physical Therapy Association PAC (PTPAC) received campaign contribution Reported $10,000 donation (2024) per user-supplied donor data; not independently verified in fetched sources.
One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) / H.R. 1 voted for Kiggans voted for H.R. 1/OBBBA in July 2025 despite signing an April 2025 letter opposing Medicaid coverage reductions.
Centinel PAC donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (2 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00930958/
North Carolina First donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (1 contribution), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00914028/
Stand Tall For Kansas PAC donor $8,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (4 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00885731/
Colorado Western PAC donor $7,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (3 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00885319/
Thin Blue Line PAC donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (1 contribution), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00882134/
American Ukraine PAC donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2024 cycle (2 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00872325/
Texas Values PAC donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (1 contribution), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00863217/
Highwater PAC donor $5,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (2 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00832568/
Republicans United To Defend You PAC (Rudy PAC) donor $6,000 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2026 cycle (6 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00823351/
Defending The American Dream PAC donor $6,600 to Jennifer A. Kiggans's principal committee in the 2024 cycle (2 contributions), FEC Schedule A line 11C. https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00822833/
BillVoteDateAlignment
An Act to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow early childhood… Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
Water Resources Development Act Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
National Fraud Enforcement Division Act Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
PROOF Act Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
Ratepayer Protection Act Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
Retire through Ownership Act Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United… Yea 2026-09-16 unknown
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
GUARD Act Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Tax Relief for Fraud Victims Act Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Directing the President, pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers… Nay 2026-09-15 unknown
Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes… Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United… Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Providing for consideration of the bills H.R. 9576 and H.R. 10326, providing… Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Providing for consideration of the bills H.R. 9576 and H.R. 10326, providing… Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Whistleblower Protection Act Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
Fostering the Use of Technology to Uphold Regulatory Effectiveness in… Yea 2026-09-15 unknown
National Wildlife Refuge System Invasive Species Strike Team Act Yea 2026-09-14 unknown
Local Communities & Bird Habitat Stewardship Act Yea 2026-09-14 unknown
Protect Economic and Academic Freedom Act Yea 2026-09-03 unknown
Protecting Domestic Mining Act Yea 2026-09-02 unknown
Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to require… Yea 2026-09-02 unknown
Providing for consideration of the bills (H.R. 1501, H.R. 9436, and H.R… Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
To amend the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 to extend the time period… Nay 2026-09-01 unknown
Providing for the condemnation and denouncement of socialism in all its forms… Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
In the matter of allegations relating to Representative Chuck Edwards Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
To amend the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 to extend the time period… Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
AGOA Extension Act Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
Providing for consideration of the bills (H.R. 1501, H.R. 9436, and H.R… Yea 2026-09-01 unknown
Prison Staff Safety Enhancement Act Yea 2026-08-31 unknown
Last contradiction analysis: Never
reversal 90/100
Platform: ""Balancing the federal budget must not come at the expense of those who depend on these benefits for their health and economic security" — Kiggans signed a letter with 11 other Republican representatives in April 2025…
[ Show full platform position ]
"Balancing the federal budget must not come at the expense of those who depend on these benefits for their health and economic security" — Kiggans signed a letter with 11 other Republican representatives in April 2025 opposing Medicaid cuts.
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Vote: on "Kiggans voted YEA on H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which the Congressional Budget Office…"
In April 2025, Kiggans signed a letter explicitly opposing Medicaid cuts, stating budget balancing 'must not come at the expense' of beneficiaries. Weeks later, on May 22 and July 3, 2025, she cast the decisive vote for H.R. 1, which the CBO estimated would cut Medicaid by at least $785 billion and threaten coverage…
[ Show full analysis ]
In April 2025, Kiggans signed a letter explicitly opposing Medicaid cuts, stating budget balancing 'must not come at the expense' of beneficiaries. Weeks later, on May 22 and July 3, 2025, she cast the decisive vote for H.R. 1, which the CBO estimated would cut Medicaid by at least $785 billion and threaten coverage for roughly 19,000 constituents in VA-02. Both sources are independent: kiggans.house.gov and whro.org.
position_evolution 60/100
Platform: ""I'm a pro-life candidate. I always have been" — Kiggans during her 2022 congressional campaign."
Vote: on ""I've never supported a federal ban on abortion. I've always supported those exceptions for rape…"
In 2022, Kiggans declared herself a 'pro-life candidate' and was endorsed by SBA Pro-Life America. By October 2024, she asserted she had 'never supported a federal ban on abortion' and emphasized exceptions for rape, incest, and life of the mother. While she consistently supported exceptions across both statements…
[ Show full analysis ]
In 2022, Kiggans declared herself a 'pro-life candidate' and was endorsed by SBA Pro-Life America. By October 2024, she asserted she had 'never supported a federal ban on abortion' and emphasized exceptions for rape, incest, and life of the mother. While she consistently supported exceptions across both statements, the rhetorical distance between 'pro-life candidate' and opposing any federal ban represents a notable evolution for a competitive swing-district Republican. Both sources are from independent outlets (wavy.com and wtkr.com).
Last silence detection: Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:51:58 GMT (via scheduled run)
party committees
National Republican Congressional Committee, Republican Governance Group/Tuesday Group PAC, Texas Values PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2024), $7,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026)) — interest area: party committees
corporate pacs, industry unlisted
Drummond Company, Inc. PAC (Dpac), Maynard Nexsen PAC, Serco Inc. Political Action Committee (Serco PAC), Chugach Alaska Corporation PAC (Cac PAC), Fairbanks Morse LLC PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026))…
[ Show full donor-interest summary ]
Drummond Company, Inc. PAC (Dpac), Maynard Nexsen PAC, Serco Inc. Political Action Committee (Serco PAC), Chugach Alaska Corporation PAC (Cac PAC), Fairbanks Morse LLC PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026)) — interest area: corporate pacs, industry unlisted
ideological & single-issue
Value In Electing Women PAC, Rightnow Women PAC, With Honor PAC, Crosspartisan PAC Ii (amounts: $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2024)) — interest area: ideological & single-issue
other candidates' committees
Huck PAC, The Guardian Fund, Blue And Gold Fund, Stand For America PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2024), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026)) — interest area: other candidates' committees
other / unclassified
Congressional Leadership Fund, America'S First PAC, Fraternity & Sorority PAC, John Bolton PAC, Seal PAC Supporting Electing American Leaders PAC, American Revival PAC, American Ukraine PAC, Centinel PAC, Ranger PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026)…
[ Show full donor-interest summary ]
Congressional Leadership Fund, America'S First PAC, Fraternity & Sorority PAC, John Bolton PAC, Seal PAC Supporting Electing American Leaders PAC, American Revival PAC, American Ukraine PAC, Centinel PAC, Ranger PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026)) — interest area: other / unclassified
colleagues' leadership pacs
Raptor PAC, Victory And Freedom PAC, Eureka PAC, Conservative Opportunity Leadership & Enterprise PAC - Colepac, Majority Committee PAC-Mc PAC, American Security PAC, Eye Of The Tiger PAC, Cmr Political Action Committee, Continuing America'S Strength And…
[ Show full donor-interest summary ]
Raptor PAC, Victory And Freedom PAC, Eureka PAC, Conservative Opportunity Leadership & Enterprise PAC - Colepac, Majority Committee PAC-Mc PAC, American Security PAC, Eye Of The Tiger PAC, Cmr Political Action Committee, Continuing America'S Strength And Security PAC, Concerned Americans For Freedom & Opportunity PAC (Cafo PAC), Bringing Republican Excellence To Town PAC (Brettpac), Razor PAC, Tomorrow Is Meaningful PAC, First In Freedom PAC, Innovation PAC, Mr. Southern Missourian In The House PAC, E-PAC, Building America'S Republican Representation PAC, Valor PAC, Electing Majority Making Effective Republicans (Emmer PAC), Land Of Opportunity PAC, New Energy In Washington House PAC (N.E.W. House PAC), In The Arena PAC, Bost PAC, Abraham Lincoln PAC, Tenacious PAC, Bringing America Together PAC, Bacon PAC, Restoring Our Nation, Forever Youth Organization Utilizing A New Generation PAC, Rvfpac, Help Elect Republicans Now, On Wisconsin PAC, Inc., Victory East, Garcia PAC, American Grit PAC, Patriots Always Triumph, Start Rising PAC, Lasting Investments Strengthening America PAC, Big Ideas Create Excellence - Bice PAC, Freedom Force PAC, Mission First People Always PAC, Working For Ohio, Stop Collectivism Or Totalitarianism Triumphs PAC, Keep Texas Texas PAC, Frogman PAC, Mvl PAC, Call To Service PAC, Dreamakers PAC, B Brigade Majority Fund, Defending The American Dream PAC, Republicans United To Defend You PAC (Rudy PAC), Highwater PAC, Thin Blue Line PAC, Colorado Western PAC, Stand Tall For Kansas PAC, North Carolina First, Six PAC, Baker PAC, Nebraska Sandhills PAC (amounts: $5,000 (2026), $7,500 (2024), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2024), $10,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $10,000 (2024), $5,500 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2024), $5,000 (2024), $7,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $6,500 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $7,500 (2026), $5,300 (2024), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $10,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024), $7,500 (2026), $6,500 (2026), $10,000 (2026), $5,800 (2024), $8,300 (2024), $5,000 (2024), $10,000 (2026), $6,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $7,000 (2026), $8,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2026), $5,000 (2024)) — interest area: colleagues' leadership pacs
Altria Group, Inc PAC Alcohol & tobacco $5,000 (2026)
Centinel PAC Other / unclassified $5,000 (2026)
North Carolina First Colleagues' leadership PACs $5,000 (2026)
Stand Tall For Kansas PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $8,000 (2026)
Colorado Western PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $7,000 (2026)
Thin Blue Line PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $5,000 (2026)
American Ukraine PAC Other / unclassified $5,000 (2024)
Texas Values PAC Party committees $5,000 (2026)
Highwater PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $5,000 (2026)
Republicans United To Defend You PAC (Rudy PAC) Colleagues' leadership PACs $6,000 (2026)
Defending The American Dream PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $10,000 (2026)
B Brigade Majority Fund Colleagues' leadership PACs $5,000 (2024)
Dreamakers PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $8,300 (2024)
Call To Service PAC Colleagues' leadership PACs $5,800 (2024)
TopicPriorityAlignmentDeviation
Medicaid & Healthcare Access 92 -75 82
Government Ethics, Transparency & Constituent Accountability 74 -55 70
Economy, Jobs & Inflation 85 10 55
Federal Budget Deficit & Fiscal Responsibility 78 -20 45
Environment & Coastal Resilience 80 30 40
Veterans Affairs & Benefits 82 25 40
Education & Public Schools 72 35 35
Taxes & Cost of Living 76 45 35
Ukraine & NATO Support 70 65 20
Immigration & Border Security 68 55 20
Israel & Foreign Security Assistance 65 60 15
Defense & Military Spending 88 80 10
No platform commitments archived
No committee memberships recorded
Scoring Methodology

The Capture Risk Score is a composite 0–100 index measuring potential regulatory capture of elected officials. It is computed from seven weighted components:

ComponentWeightSignal
Contradiction Risk30%Stated positions contradicted by the record (recent findings boosted)
Donor Influence20%Distinct documented donors (FEC Schedule A PACs); inferred donors do not count
Connection Density20%Mapped relationships to lobbyists, contractors, interest groups; donor links excluded
Silence Risk15%Topics where donors have interests but the official is silent
Intelligence Volume15%Documented facts from verified sources
Constituency Deviation0%Shown, not weighted — a model estimate, not a record
Voting Misalignment0%Shown, not weighted — needs platform commitments almost nobody has; the roll-call record on /votes is the vote signal

Each component is the member's standing among all scored members of Congress, and the weighted sum is the overall score. Tiers are ranks: Critical is the top 5%, High the next 10%, Elevated the next 20%, Moderate the next 30%, and Low the rest.

Officials without at least 2 documented facts, 1 contradiction analysis, 1 voting record, or 1 constituency baseline are marked Insufficient Evidence and excluded from numeric ranking.

Contradiction findings from the last 180 days receive a recency boost. High-severity contradictions (score ≥ 70) receive additional weight.

Full methodology: /congress/methodology

[PUBLIC COST ESTIMATE]
Documented financial relationships span 0 money flow chains, while 1 elected official holds documented connections.
$11.6BDonor Contributions
0Money Chains
0Traced Hops
Connected Officials
Calculation Methodology

Contract values are summed from documented money flow chains where this entity appears as a source or destination node. Amounts are drawn from USASpending.gov, FEC filings, SEC EDGAR, or LD-2 lobbying registrations.

Donor contributions aggregate documented amounts from the donor_interests table, sourced from FEC individual and PAC contribution filings.

Connected officials are elected officials in our database with a mapped relationship (lobbying, board membership, campaign contribution, etc.) to this entity.

Annualised flow represents the total documented dollar amount traced through money flow hops involving this entity. Where hop-level amounts are unavailable, the chain-level documented total is used as a conservative upper bound.

All figures are drawn from public filings. Estimates are conservative — undisclosed transactions, dark money, and vanish-point hops are excluded from totals. This is a minimum documented floor, not a ceiling.

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