SUBJECT-8855.dossier · instrument · status: active
GA
subject of file

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

1999 law repealing Glass-Steagall Act separations
Tracked because 1999 law repealing Glass-Steagall Act separations · 19 documented connections
Facts on record2
Connections mapped19
Sources cited13
✦ Thin coverage gap +64 connected to 19 entities · only 2 facts on record · flagged for follow-up research
Evidence: 1P 1S
Stated vs Revealed
No documented contradictions on file.
[PUBLIC COST ESTIMATE]
Documented financial relationships span 0 money flow chains, while 10 elected officials hold documented connections.
0Money Chains
0Traced Hops
Connected Officials
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
  • Hakeem Jeffries U.S. House · Historical legislative context (not directly related)
Calculation Methodology

Contract values are summed from documented money flow chains where this entity appears as a source or destination node. Amounts are drawn from USASpending.gov, FEC filings, SEC EDGAR, or LD-2 lobbying registrations.

Donor contributions aggregate documented amounts from the donor_interests table, sourced from FEC individual and PAC contribution filings.

Connected officials are elected officials in our database with a mapped relationship (lobbying, board membership, campaign contribution, etc.) to this entity.

Annualised flow represents the total documented dollar amount traced through money flow hops involving this entity. Where hop-level amounts are unavailable, the chain-level documented total is used as a conservative upper bound.

All figures are drawn from public filings. Estimates are conservative — undisclosed transactions, dark money, and vanish-point hops are excluded from totals. This is a minimum documented floor, not a ceiling.

PATTERN organization → [donor] → elected official → [Historical l... 378× PATTERN instrument → [Historical legislative context (not directl... 378× PATTERN instrument → [oversight] → company 27× PATTERN company → [oversight] → instrument 27× PATTERN elected official → [colleague] → elected official → [Hist... 20×
Connection Map
Key Connections
→ Glass-Steagall Act instrument
repealed_by
Glass-Steagall was repealed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, signed by President Bill Clinton in November 1999.
→ Phil Gramm person
namesake_sponsor
The act is named after Senator Phil Gramm, a primary sponsor.
→ Financial Services Holding Companies instrument
enabled
The act allowed commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies to consolidate under holding companies.
← Bear Stearns company
oversight
The 1999 Act repealed Glass-Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking, enabling large banks to expand into mortgage origination/securitization, intensifying competitive pressure on Bear Stearns to increase leverage and risk.
← Jim Leach person
sponsored legislation
Jim Leach was a primary sponsor and namesake of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which repealed Glass-Steagall Act restrictions on financial services holding companies.
← Thomas J. Bliley Jr. person
namesake
Thomas J. Bliley Jr. is the namesake co-sponsor of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, which repealed parts of the Glass-Steagall Act.
← Robert Rubin person
advocacy_and_benefit
Championed deregulation as Treasury Secretary then immediately benefited financially at Citigroup
← Bill Clinton person
signed_into_law
Signed act repealing Glass-Steagall despite later claiming Republican pressure
Facts (2)
Data Freshness
Stale Last update: 183d ago · Avg age: 3719d
Confidence Tiers: Primary Source — cross-referenced government/corporate filings Pending Review — sourced but not independently verified AI Inference — analytical hypothesis from cross-referencing
✓ Verified Findings (2)
Independently re-checked: a second model read the source artifact and confirmed it supports the extracted claim.
✓ verified Primary Source Glass-Steagall was repealed by Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act signed by Clinton in November 1999
✓ verified Partially Corroborated Financial services industries increased campaign contributions from $85 million in 1997-1998 to over $150 million in 1999-2000 during Gramm-Leach-Bliley push
All Connections (19)
→ Glass-Steagall Act instrument
repealed_by primary since 1999
Glass-Steagall was repealed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, signed by President Bill Clinton in November 1999.
→ Phil Gramm person
namesake_sponsor primary since 1999
The act is named after Senator Phil Gramm, a primary sponsor.
related_legislation inferential since 2000
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 were companion financial deregulation laws passed around the same time.
enabled primary since 1999
The act allowed commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies to consolidate under holding companies.
→ Citigroup organisation
beneficiary inferential since 1999
The merger of Citicorp and Travelers (1998) was retroactively permitted by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, enabling the financial conglomerate.
→ Sanford I. Weill person
proponent inferential since 1999
As head of Travelers/Citigroup, Weill heavily lobbied for the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act to allow the merger.
advisory_body inferential since 1999
The Working Group (including Rubin, Greenspan, Levitt) supported the act to modernize financial regulation.
→ Alan Greenspan person
supporter inferential since 1999
Federal Reserve Chair Greenspan was a key advocate for the repeal of Glass-Steagall.
→ Arthur Levitt person
supporter inferential since 1999
SEC Chairman Levitt supported the act's provisions allowing banks into securities underwriting.
precursor_crisis inferential since 1998
The LTCM collapse (1998) raised concerns about systemic risk that the act's deregulation did not address.
← Robert Rubin person
advocacy_and_benefit confirmed
Championed deregulation as Treasury Secretary then immediately benefited financially at Citigroup
← Bill Clinton person
signed_into_law confirmed
Signed act repealing Glass-Steagall despite later claiming Republican pressure
← Robert Edward Rubin person
policy_advocacy confirmed
Advocated for Glass-Steagall repeal that enabled Citigroup creation
← Bear Stearns company
oversight primary since 1999
The 1999 Act repealed Glass-Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking, enabling large banks to expand into mortgage origination/securitization, intensifying competitive pressure on Bear Stearns to increase leverage and risk.
← Jim Leach person
sponsored legislation primary since 1999
Jim Leach was a primary sponsor and namesake of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which repealed Glass-Steagall Act restrictions on financial services holding companies.
← Brooksley Born person
associated legislation secondary since 1999
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, signed shortly before Born's resignation, removed barriers between banking and securities, a context for the derivatives deregulation fight.
← Hakeem Jeffries elected official
Historical legislative context (not directly related) inferential since N/A
No direct connection. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) is mentioned in the known entities list but has no documented link to Jeffries' actions or career.
namesake primary since 1999
Thomas J. Bliley Jr. is the namesake co-sponsor of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, which repealed parts of the Glass-Steagall Act.
← Chuck Prince person
legislative context secondary since 1999
Chuck Prince was CEO of Citigroup when the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999) allowed the merger of commercial and investment banks, which shaped Citigroup's structure. Prince's leadership was directly influenced by this legislation, which repealed the Glass-Steagall Act.
Sources (13)
2026 UNVERIFIED Research: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act — Parliamentary records (no results) parliamentary_record Processed 📜 Receipt
2026 UNVERIFIED Research: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act — Lobbying disclosures (no results) government_disclosure Processed 📜 Receipt
2026 UNVERIFIED Research: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act — Corporate registrations (no results) government_disclosure Processed 📜 Receipt
2026 UNVERIFIED Research: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act — Court records (no results) court_document Processed 📜 Receipt
2026 UNVERIFIED Research: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act — USASpending contracts (no results) contract Processed 📜 Receipt